NORFOLK, Va. — Even some supporters do not know what to make of it.
PETA, considered by many to be the highest-profile animal rights group in the country, kills an average of about 2,000 dogs and cats each year at its animal shelter here.
And the shelter does few adoptions — 19 cats and dogs in 2012 and 24 in 2011, according to state records.
At a time when the major animal protection groups have moved to a "no kill" shelter model, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals remains a holdout, confounding some and incensing others who know the organization as a very vocal advocacy group that does not believe animals should be killed for food, fur coats or leather goods.
This is an organization that on Thanksgiving urges Americans not to eat turkey.
"Honestly, I don't understand it," says Joan E. Schaffner, an animal rights lawyer and an associate professor at the George Washington University Law School, which hosts an annual no-kill conference. "PETA does lots of good for animals, but I could never support them on this."
As recently as a decade ago, it was common practice at shelters to euthanize large numbers of dogs and cats that had not been adopted.
But the no-kill movement has grown very quickly, leaving PETA behind.
In New York City last year, 8,252 dogs and cats were euthanized, compared with 31,701 in 2003.
"Through spay, neuter, transfer and adoption programs, we think New York City can close the gap toward becoming a 'no-kill community' by 2015," said Matthew Bershadker, the president and chief executive of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, one of 150 rescue groups and shelters that make up the Mayor's Alliance for N.Y.C.'s Animals.
While there is no uniform definition of what constitutes a no-kill community, it is generally considered to be a place where at least 90 percent of dogs and cats at local shelters are put up for adoption. In the first quarter of this year, 84 percent of dogs and cats from New York's rescue groups and shelters were adopted, transferred or returned to their owners, compared with 76 percent for all of 2012.
For their part, officials at PETA, which has its headquarters and only shelter here in Norfolk, say the animals it rescues are in such bad shape from mistreatment and neglect that they are often better off dead than living in misery on the streets or with abusive owners.
"It's nice for people who've never worked in a shelter to have this idealistic view that every animal can be saved," said Daphna Nachminovitch, PETA's vice president for cruelty investigations. "They don't see what awful physical and emotional pain these poor dogs and cats suffer."
Over the past 30 years, PETA has run highly publicized campaigns targeting corporations for the way they treat animals, taking aim at Ringling Brothers (circus elephants), McDonald's (chickens) and General Motors (test crash pigs). Their annual "We'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur" campaign, featuring nude models, is a public relations legend.
But lately the protester is being protested; PETA has become the No. 1 target among supporters of no-kill shelters. At the annual conference at George Washington, being held next weekend, seminars focus on ways to challenge PETA's policies. Nathan J. Winograd, a leading no-kill activist, criticized PETA on his blog recently for "its long and sordid tradition of undermining the movement to end shelter killing."
There are no national figures on the number of shelter animals adopted or euthanized each year, but several states keep records, as do a few private organizations. From that data the trend is clear: adoptions are up, and euthanasia is down.
In California, for example, 176,900 dogs were euthanized in 2011, compared with 303,000 in 1997, when the state started keeping track. In that same period, adoptions have climbed to 137,700 from 84,000. Here in Virginia, 61,591 dogs and cats were euthanized last year, compared with 103,327 in 2004.
Out the Front Door, a blog that tracks no-kill communities, lists 161 that currently meet the 90 percent save rate; in 2001, there was just one, Tompkins County in upstate New York.
The no-kill conference at George Washington attracted 860 people in 2012; in 2005, at the first gathering, two dozen attended.
More than any other group, Maddie's Fund, a foundation in the San Francisco Bay Area with a $300 million endowment, has been responsible for the spread of the no-kill movement. Started in 1999 by Cheryl and David A. Duffield, dot-com billionaires, and named after their pet miniature schnauzer, the organization has underwritten several national programs promoting the movement. They have financed shelter care medical training programs at 18 of the country's 29 veterinary schools, the idea being that healthy animals are cheaper to house and are more likely to be adopted.
Each year the foundation sponsors an adoption weekend in several cities. In New York early last month, 3,104 dogs and cats were adopted. As an incentive, Maddie's Fund paid the shelters $500 for each dog and cat under 7 years that was adopted, $1,000 for each animal over 7 and $2,000 for each animal over 7 with a medical ailment.
"It teaches the shelters that old and uglies are not discards," said Richard Avanzino, the director of the foundation, which spent $3 million to subsidize the 3,104 adoptions. "We're changing the culture by showing that no-kill can work."
Mr. Avanzino called PETA's policy of killing virtually all the animals at its shelter "outdated" and "absolute idiocy."
Since 2009, the Ad Council has worked with Maddie's Fund and the Humane Society to donate an estimated $127 million in media services to promote shelter adoptions.
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